4.1.1 Unique Patient Identifiers (UPIs) Many healthcare systems outside of the US have adopted nationwide initiatives to implement UPIs. Such approaches are common in Europe including England, Wales and the Isle of Man 15, Denmark 16 17, Estonia 18 19, and more recently Spain 20 and Ireland 21.Outside of Europe, UPIs are common in such countries as New Zealand 22, China 23, and Israel 24, all ....