Introduction. Almost 40 years ago, non-selective beta-blockers (NSBBs) emerged in the field of cirrhosis and portal hypertension (PH), as propranolol was shown to prevent recurrent variceal bleeding.1 For the following 3 decades, several randomised controlled trials (RCTs) demonstrated the efficacy of NSBBs for preventing primary and secondary bleeding from oesophagogastric varices, , , and ....